Independencia de Paraguay: Reseña histórica

110

Por Guido Rodríguez Alcalá.

En la noche del 14 de mayo de 1811, un grupo de oficiales paraguayos jóvenes se apoderó de los principales cuarteles de Asunción.

Entre aquellos oficiales estaban los siguientes, que mencionamos dando el año de nacimiento: Vicente Ignacio Antonio Tomás Yegros (1783), Iturbe (1786), Pedro Juan Caballero (1786), Juan Bautista Rivarola (1789), Mauricio José Troche (1790). Esta lista incompleta muestra que eran jóvenes, pues tenían entre veinte y veintiocho años de edad aproximadamente. Debe agregarse que todos ellos eran del interior.

Resultado de imagem para iNDEPENDÊNCIA DO PARAGUAI

En la madrugada del 15 de mayo, los oficiales presentaron una nota al gobernador español Bernardo de Velasco, para exigirle que les entregase las armas, el dinero y los documentos oficiales. Al principio, Velasco se resistió, pero después terminó entregando lo que se le exigía. De esta manera, Velasco perdió toda autoridad, aunque no se lo separó del gobierno inmediatamente.

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El 16 de mayo se formó un triunvirato integrado por Velasco, José Gaspar de Francia y Juan Zeballos. Ese mismo día, el triunvirato juró fidelidad al rey de España, Fernando VII, que entonces se encontraba en Francia, prisionero del emperador francés Napoleón. Aunque los próceres querían la independencia, todavía no la declararon abiertamente, sino que se dijeron leales a España.

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Esta fue una maniobra política utilizada en varias ciudades americanas que formaron juntas o gobiernos revolucionarios en aquellos años. En 1810 juraron lealtad a Fernando VII la junta de Caracas (19 de abril), la de Buenos Aires (25 de mayo), Bogotá (20 de julio), Quito (22 de septiembre) y Santiago de Chile (18 de septiembre). 1810 fue un año de insurrecciones en las colonias españolas de América porque, en el mes de enero, las victorias de Napoleón en España hicieron pensar Fernando VII jamás volvería a reinar en España, y seguiría cautivo en Francia indefinidamente. Por eso los patriotas americanos decidieron formar sus propios gobiernos, y el juramento de fidelidad a Fernando VII fue una simple formalidad. Por otra parte, ese juramento aseguraba a los revolucionarios la neutralidad de Inglaterra, que entonces dominaba los mares con su flota de guerra. Inglaterra era aliada de España en la lucha con Napoleón y no podía aceptar una rebelión abierta contra el rey Fernando VII. Con el juramento de fidelidad, Inglaterra podía considerar que se trataba de una cuestión interna de la política española, en la cual no debían intervenir.

Resultado de imagem para iNDEPENDÊNCIA DO PARAGUAI

Los revolucionarios paraguayos no fueron los únicos que dejaron por corto tiempo en el gobierno al funcionario español, aunque quitándole el poder. Algo parecido ocurrió en 1810 en Santa Fe, Quito y otras ciudades americanas. Como el juramento de fidelidad a Fernando VII, la permanencia del gobernador o virrey en el gobierno como figura simbólica fue una maniobra política, que disfrazaba el objetivo de la independencia total. En el Paraguay existía otro motivo más para dejar a Velasco en el gobierno. La revolución mayo fue una conspiración de civiles y militares, con ramificaciones en varios puntos del país. De acuerdo con el plan inicial, Fulgencio Yegros debía armar un grupo de hombres en Itapúa, para marchar con ellos hasta las Cordilleras, donde se le sumaría Manuel A. Cabañas con otro grupo de patriotas, para seguir camino hasta Asunción. También marcharían hasta Asunción grupos procedentes de otros puntos del país. Blas Rojas de Aranda, quien se encontraba en Corrientes al mando de tropas paraguayas, se sumaría al movimiento. En Asunción, los oficiales sublevados (Caballero, Iturbe y otros) entregarían los cuarteles a los revolucionarios. Pero este plan inicial debió cambiarse, porque Velasco se enteró de la conspiración, y por eso Caballero y sus compañeros decidieron dar el golpe sin esperar a Fulgencio Yegros y los demás dirigentes.

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